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Descoberta pode levar a novas formas de morte celular programada

Submitted by Ciência Diária on Friday, 12 March 201094 Comentários
Descoberta de "chave celular" no organismo C. elegans pode levar cientistas ao uso de morte celular programada para combater doenças como o câncer. Crédito: University of Colorado at Boulder.

Descoberta de "chave celular" no organismo C. elegans pode levar cientistas ao uso de morte celular programada para combater doenças como o câncer. Crédito: University of Colorado at Boulder.

Uma pesquisa liderada por especialistas da Universidade do Colorado em Boulder, nos EUA, mostra que uma chave celular até então desconhecida pode fornecer uma nova maneira de provocar a morte celular programada. A descoberta pode ser usada em novos tratamentos contra o câncer.

A morte celular programada, ou apoptose, é um processo de suicídio celular que envolve muitos processos bioquímicos. Entre os seus efeitos, estão a retração das células do corpo, destruição de mitocôndrias e fragmentação cromossômica. É um mecanismo natural do corpo que pode ajudar a prevenir doenças autoimunes e câncer.

No estudo, os pesquisadores descobriram que uma conhecida molécula chamada caspase –  enzima carrasca da apoptose, devido ao seu papel no corte e destruição de proteínas celulares – tem um efeito completamente diferente em uma enzima particular: a Dicer. A equipe verificou que quando a caspase se cliva nesta enzima, ao invés de cumprir a sua função, faz com que a Dicer quebre cromossomos (pedaços de DNA contendo milhares de genes), matando as células que os abrigam.

A função normal do Dicer é cortar fitas de RNA em pedaços menores que se colam nas moléculas do RNA mensageiro – responsáveis pelo transporte de mensagens genéticas do DNA do núcleo das células para produzir proteínas específicas nos seus citoplasmas – e silenciar sua atividade. Mas, quando a caspase entra em contato com a Dicer, ela retira a sua habilidade de quebrar o RNA e a substitui pela capacidade de cortar e destruir cromossomos carregados pelo DNA.

Os experimentos foram conduzidos com o nemátodo Caenorhabdtitis elegans, um organismo bastante comum utilizado em pesquisas genéticas e biomédicas. Como parte do estudo, a equipe “apagou” o gene que codifica a enzima Dicer neste organismo. A remoção do gene comprometeu o processo de apoptose e bloqueou a fragmentação dos cromossomos.

De acordo com os pesquisadores, muitos genes identificados no C. elegans são importantes para os cinco passos sequenciais da morte programada de células: a especificação das células que devem morrer, ativação do programa de morte celular, início do processo de morte, igestão dos “cadáveres” das células e degradação dos restos celulares.

Já que falhas de apoptose contribuem para o desenvolvimento de tumores, um entendimento mais aprofundando deste processo pode conduzir ao desenvolvimento de agentes terapêuticos mais eficazes. Bastaria transformar uma enzima pró-sobrevivência em uma enzima pró-morte. Por este motivo, os pesquisadores agora investigam se as células humanas possuem a mesma capacidade de transformar as funções da enzima Dicer, como ocorre no C. elegans. Acredita-se que cerca de metade dos genes encontrados no organismo tenha equivalente em humanos.

O C. elegans é um organismo chave para a pesquisa: foi o primeiro organismo cujo genoma foi completamente sequenciado, e sua transparência ao microscópio permite aos cientistas estudarem muitos aspectos da biologia celular e do desenvolvimento, tanto quanto da genética.

Um artigo sobre o assunto será publicado hoje na revista Science.

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