Ciência Diária » Macacos bonobos vivem juventude eterna e compartilham tudo

Macacos bonobos vivem juventude eterna e compartilham tudo

Submitted by Ciência Diária on Tuesday, 2 February 201072 Comentários

Crianças pequenas precisam de educação: reforçamos que, nesta vida, é preciso aprender a dividir – uma das primeiras lições de socialização do homem. Entre alguns macacos, entretanto, esta parece ser uma característica inata. Entre bonobos, compartilhar faz parte da sua própria natureza. E isso é resultado da própria evolução, de acordo com pesquisas realizadas pela Universidade de Harvard e Universidade de Duke, nos EUA.

Pesquisadores acreditam que comportamento "altruísta" dos bonobos tenha relação com o desenvolvimento de sua evolução. Crédito: Virgina Wobber/Harvard University.

Enquanto os chipanzés têm certa dificuldade em dividir alimentos, podendo até partir para a agressão física na hora de conquistar seu pedacinho de banana, parece que os bonobos nunca souberam ser egoístas.

Em vários testes realizados para medir a partilha de alimentos e inibição social entre chipanzés e bonobos que vivem em reservas africanas, as diferenças de comportamento mostram que ambas refletem padrões de desenvolvimento diferentes, embora os dois sejam muito similares em termos biológicos.

“Comparados aos chipanzés, os bonobos parecem viver um tipo de ”terra do nunca”, do Peter Pan”, afirmou Brian Hare, professor assistente de antropologia evolucionária na Universidade de Duke, que participou dos estudos. “Eles nunca crescem, e eles dividem”.

Hare e seu mentor Richard Wrangham, de Harvard, acham que o comportamento dócil foi resultado de uma relativa abundância em seu meio ambiente. Habitando a região sul do rio Congo, onde a comida é mais acessível, os bonobos não precisam competir com os gorilas por comida – como os chipanzés fazem -, bem como com outros de sua mesma subespécie.

Na verdade, eles não precisam crescer, segundo os cientistas. Testes cognitivos mostram que esses macacos vivem uma juventude eterna – mesmo quando alcançam a maturidade. “Parece que as diferenças entre os adultos são resultado de diferenças no desenvolvimento”, explica Victoria Wobber, autor de um dos artigos publicados após a pesquisa. “A evolução tem atuado no desenvolvimento de sua cognição”.

Para avaliar a capacidade de compartilhar, os pesquisadores colocaram animais do Santuário Tchimpounga, na República do Congo, em recintos específicos com algum alimento. Chipanzés novos pareciam dividir com a mesma vontade que bonobos jovens, mas se tornavam mais “egoístas” ao envelhecer.

Em outro experimento, realizado no Santuário Lola ya Bonobo, os pesquisadores deram a um grupo de bonobo muita comida enquanto um companheiros assistia – sem nada – do outro lado do portão. Mesmo sem que o “excluído” implorasse, seus amigos abriram o portão para dividir a comida. Um chipanzé jamais faria isso voluntariamente, embora possa ajudar em outras situações.

Veja também:

- Comportamento dos macacos é menos racional do que se pensava
- Tamanho do Homo floresiensis pode ser resultado de seleção natural

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